The Failure Of Risk Management - 759 Words

Hubbard is very contemptuous of much of the Risk Management practiced by organisations. Do you agree with his comments and suggested methods of managing analysis of risks? In The failure of risk management- why it’s broken and how to fix Hubbard has put a very good argument regarding the failure of old risk management techniques. Hubbard has tried to show how the risk management methodologies and techniques used currently by many organisation lack scientific and mathematical approach towards risk management. Hubbard has asked 3 basic questions in his book based on the several risk management methodologies 1. Do these risks management methods work? 2. Dose the organisation’s using these methods know if these methods didn’t work? 3. What are the consequences if they didn’t work? In my opinion Hubbard has put the very strong argument in his book, as many organisations have adopted risk management systems. But the problem is, the systems are not backed up by measurable scientific results and often can actually make things worse. After reading the text I don’t think that Hubbard is being contemptuous of the risk management practices but he is trying to identifying new ways of better utilising these methods. After reading the book we can see that Hubbard is a strong advocate of quantitative risk management techniques such as Monty Carlo simulation. However, he believes that they are often used incorrectly. Specifically, 1. They are often used without empirical data or validationShow MoreRelatedRisk Management Failures of British Petroleum2022 Words   |  9 Pagesignited. The explosion caused all the casualties and substantial damage to the rest of the plant. The incident came as the culmination of a series of less serious accidents at the refinery, and the engineering problems were not addressed by the management. Maintenance and safety at the plant had been cut as a cost-saving measure, the responsibility ultimately resting with executives in London. The fall-out from the accident continues to cloud BP s corporate image because of the mismanagement atRead MoreAn Assessment Into The Bankruptcy Examiners Report Regarding The Risk Management Failure1169 Words   |  5 PagesExaminer’s report regarding the risk management failure as it relates to Leman Brothers. The fundamental reason for the failure is based on the change in corporate strategy of 2006 in which Lehman decided to shift from a â€Å"moving† or securitization business to a â€Å"storage’ business, with the firm making and holding longer-term, risk investments. This â€Å"strategic positioning† was fully supported by the board, although the chief risk officer and certain senior risk management executives had expressed concernsRead MoreWhen Disaster Strikes : Bp s Risk Management Failure Essay1330 Words   |  6 PagesWhen Disaster Strikes: BP’s Risk Management Failure Risk is a concept that many organizations deal with on an everyday basis. In fact, risk is an integral facet of operating an organization. Risk has negative connotations, but that is a misnomer, because many organizations make use of it for positive gain. One way of looking at risk is that it is what an organization lays on the line so that they can gain something in return. Risk is not inherently bad; it is how an organization manages it thatRead MoreRisk Management of Technology and Maintenance Failures in the Context of Aviation Industry2041 Words   |  9 Pages Risk Management of Technology and Maintenance Failures in the Context of Aviation Industry Individual Assignment Managing Processes, Systems, and Projects Elective Pathway: Managing the Project-based Environment Balazs B. Varga EFT11 Date: 06/02/2012 Student id: 19700989 Word Count: 1705 Table of Contents Introduction 3 Incident root cause failure analysis 3 A. Aircraft aging and the limitations of fail-safe design 3 B. Safety by design and the failure of damage tolerance 3 C. HumanRead MoreEvaluation Of Beaumont Hospital s Risk Management1106 Words   |  5 Pagesis just as important as medical progression. Therefore, Beaumont Hospital’s risk management program consists of identifying hazard associated risks, controlling risks, and monitoring the effectiveness of procedures/practices. Risk is a part of patient care and services because everything doesn’t always go according to plan. Catastrophic patient injuries often occur because of unanticipated failures. The risk management team is responsible of effective surveillance, analysis, and prevention of eventsRead MoreWhat Determines Success Or Failure Of A Project? Essay1508 Words   |  7 PagesWhat determines success or failure of a project? Research by Roberts and Furlonger (2000) in a study of information systems projects show that using a reasonably detailed project management methodology, as compared to a loose methodology, improves productivity by 20 to 30 per cent. Moreover, the research indicates that 85 to 90 per cent projects fail to deliver on time, on budget and the quality of performance expected. It should be emphasized that the causes of failure to deliver on time, on budgetRead MoreEffectiveness Of Risk Identification And Analysis Of Construction Projects Of Mumbai City Of Multi Storeyed Building Essay929 Words   |  4 PagesAbstract – Risk is present in all projects irrespective of their size or sector. If risks are not properly analyzed and strategies are not developed to deal with them, the project is likely to lead to failures. Therefore, special strategies and processes should be established during the initial phases of the project and also monitored throughout the project life cycle. There are different techniques of risk identification and analysis in construction projects. Applicability of various risk assessmentRead MoreThe Failure Mode And Effects Analysis1183 Words   |  5 PagesThe Failure Mode Effects Analysis (FMEA) can be described as a risk and reliability tool for management. The most prominent proactive risk assessment technique used within hea lthcare has been Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) (Shebl, Franklin, Barber, 2012). FMEA is an organized and qualitative tool to help physicians anticipate what might go wrong with a process or product and how the failure effects the patient. FMEA can also help find the possible causes of failures and the likelihoodRead MoreProject Management : Determining The Success Or Failure Factors1526 Words   |  7 Pagesprojects have option of success or fail due to a number of circumstances. The main controversial issue in the project management is determining the success or failure factors. Although projects have built in to be successful there are some risks can’t be avoided and that may lead at the end to failure in the near or far future (Montequin, 2014). Introduction Project management provides reasonable scientific solutions in order to overcome difficulties and achieve success. Each project has a varietyRead MoreProject Management : Common Project Failures1617 Words   |  7 Pages Common Project Failures Katina King Brenau University â€Æ' Common Project failures All project managers (PM) want their projects to meet all requirements in a timely and cost-effective manner. However, project failure is common in project management because of undefined uncertainties throughout the project. There are many reasons why projects fail and each project can have its own set of complications. Sometimes it is a single incident, but more often than not, several issues that develop over

Electrical Design Of Electrical Engineering - 917 Words

Hector Hernandez Professor D. Galvan English 1301 09 December 2016 Electrical Engineering We as a whole need to pick a career that will make us cheerful, yet how might we know what that is destined to be? It is not hard to discover somebody who began feeling that they would love their picked calling, just to end up abhorring it. As someone who is an electrical engineer, they have to answer the tough electrical questions and may chip away at anything from handheld contraptions to gigantic electrical matrices. Although people should consider that this field has its issues like any other field would. The biggest concern would be the shortage of electricity since electricity is always constantly being used. An electrical designer is outlines and grows new electrical hardware, takes care of issues and tests gear. They work with a wide range of electronic gadgets, from the smallest pocket gadgets to large supercomputers. Electrical engineers work in businesses including innovative work, building administrations, assembling, broadcast communications, and the government. Electrical builds for the most part work inside in workplaces. In any case, they may need to visit destinations to watch an issue or a bit of complex hardware. Electrical engineers must have a four year certification. Employers additionally value pragmatic experience, so interest in agreeable building programs, in which understudies procure scholarly credit for organized work involvement. ElectricalShow MoreRelatedElectrical/Electronics Engineer1093 Words   |  4 PagesElectrical engineering has been around for many years. It has evolved over the years, but the principle is still the same. Electrical engineers do a variet y of things and some specialize in certain areas. This research will describe the occupation of electrical engineering, and what it takes to be a successful electrical engineer. Other things this research will explain is the impact electrical engineering has on society and the duties of electrical engineers. The employment of electrical engineersRead MoreEngineering : Fields Of Engineering Essay1578 Words   |  7 PagesIntro to Engineering Practices 22 September 2016 Fields of Engineering Engineering has been around for millenniums. The term engineering has been around since 1325. Since then, engineering has expanded from working on engines for the military to designing and working on just about everything today. (Wikipedia p. 1) Out of all of the different divisions of engineering there are three that specifically interest me. These divisions are aerospace, electrical, and mechanical. â€Å"Aerospace engineering, alsoRead MoreComputer Engineering And Computer Engineer1169 Words   |  5 PagesA computer engineer is a branch of engineers that have been integrated into electronic engineering and computer science. Computer engineers design and develop computers and other technological devices. What do computer engineers do? First we need to look at another type of computer engineer hich is computer hardware engineer. They research, design, develop and test the computer systems as well as component such as the processors, the circuit board, network and routers, memory devices. An importantRead MoreEngineering Essay1652 Words   |  7 PagesThe development of electricity led to the creation of electrical engineering, a challenging vocation that changed and improved our way of life. In this paper I will discuss the history of electrical engineering, the preparation for becoming an electrical engineer, and the actual career. The history of electrical engineering is rather recent, but it is based on ancient ideas. Electricity and magnetism are the two bases for electrical engineering. 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Consequently, I want to be an Electrical Engineer to transform my community and live for a job that I love. In this essay, I will outline the job description, preparation, advantages and disadvantages of a career in Electrical engineering, and how I will transform my community. The job description is varied depending on what exactly one uses his or her degree for, but there are core elements. Electrical engineering is the branch of engineering that deals with technology; to be more specificRead MoreElectrical Engineering And The Field Of Engineering1476 Words   |  6 Pages Electrical Engineering is a well-respected and growing field of engineering that centers on the practical application of electricity, electromagnetism and electronics. The field is of considerable necessity to modern life and infrastructure, having applications in many diverse branches of modern life. Some of these include telecommunications, energy and power distribution, transportation, manufacturing and consumer electronics. In this report we will go over the education and coursework requirementsRead MoreElectrical Engineering : Electrical Engineer1150 Words   |  5 PagesElectrical Engineering: Just like any engineer, electrical engineers are also problem solvers. They design, invent and test newly developed equipment that came from a simple idea. They deal with electricity, electro-magnetism and electronics. Electrical engineers also deal with telecommunication, power, control systems and signal processing. Electrical engineers will usually use computers in order to design their ideas, yet some still prefer to hand draw everything. They will usually focus on products

The Hindu Doctrine of Karma-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Describe the Hindu doctrine of karma and discuss whether or not you think it offers a reasonable or logical explanation and/or justification for human suffering. Answer The Hindu doctrine of karma The concept of karma is the fundamental aspect of the Hindu religion. There are versatile Hindu religions and all of them believe in the doctrine of karma. The principle of karma is deep rooted in the Indian psyche since the Vedic times. The karma is well described in Sanskrit texts of Samhitas, Brahmanas, Upanisads and the philosophical schools (Hick, 1994 p-38).The Puranas and the epics have concept of karma in the centre. According to Hindu mythology, Karma is the sum total of the bad and the good work of the people. It represents the collective action of the man. It is these actions that will have result in the future and even afterlife. The word karma has originated from the cognate words- Kartha (Doer), Karthavya ( Duty), Karana (Cause), Karana (instrumental) and so on (Hick, 1988 p- 2)Karma depicts the explanation for as you sow, so shall you reap. It explains the wealthy conditions of the rich people may be due to the good sowing of the persons in the past life. Whereas the p oor people are paying back the wrong deeds (Kaufman 2005 p-15). It also believes of the wrong deeds of the persons in past due to which they are suffering. There efficiency of doctrine of karma is the solution of the problems both in India as well as in the west. However, this is referred to as the consistent theodicy to answer to the existence of suffering and the presence of evil. The reincarnation and the gods punishment in karma is the inequalities of human birth (Chadha and Trakakis 2007 p-533). The reason of human suffering The karma concept on the human suffering also brings in the existence of god. The word theodicy says the justifying ways of god. The suffering and evil are due to the torture and oppression of the human body and the human spirit. The western theology has given a different explanation for the suffering of the people or the existence of evil (Kaufman 2007 p-558). The doctrine of karma and rebirth is represented in strikingly different ways in the Western, Judeo Christian Islamic and the Indian religious traditions. Indian believes strongly in the idea of multiple human reincarnations. It is frequently claimed as the best explanation on the account of evil and suffering. It is termed as the best metaphysical achievement that can explain the emotions and the intellectual domains related to the human suffering. Apart from the enthusiastic endorsements, the doctrine of karma in its theodicy has received a less importance than the western ideas. The western ideas focus on original sin. Then again thousands of bibliographic writings are made with the ideas supporting the concept of karma in the context of suffering of people. They believe that the karma and rebirth theory can solve the problems of evil (Kessle., 2002 p-10) The assumption is that the present condition of mankind is regulated with the condition of the past life. Karma rejects the concepts of randomness, injustice or the inequalities. It does not see the present concepts of cause and effects. The doctrine rules the reincarnation with character based, memory based. All of these are the bearing of past (Perrett 1985 p-6). In the Bhagavad Gita , it already explains the fact of this karma- It says just the person casts off worn out garments and puts a new one, the embodied souls cast off a body and is transmitted to other bodies. According to karma death is not evil. But then question arises why some people have painful and suffering deaths? The idea of karma is often debated in the classical Indian literature and in the modern Indian writings. The modern popular writings are raising an argument behind the concept of karma (Peterson et al, 2012 ch-8)The western religions believe that the souls are not eternal and it is destroyed. A new soul comes into existence with a birth. In this argument the karma concept became more attractive. Hinduism explains karma in describing evil. It is believed that both evil and good are considered to be real and is due to the human free will. The suffering is the self made cause or karma (Thrane 2010 p-340). Karma also says that the suffering due to disease is linked with the personal behaviours like the anger, greed, delusion. It is said that suffering could occur due to the moral evils or by any natural evils. However, the modern philosophy, science brings in new logical explanation behind the reason of man suffering or evil (Livingston 2001 ch-10). Logical explanation behind suffering and existence of evil The fundamental question that arises among the philosophers, psychologists and the theologians, who are perplexed and wants to find out the logical reason behind such sufferings and evil. The worlds religions have proposed various explanations behind the existence of evil, death and suffering. But the modern people are still struggling to find out the root cause of all of these. The question arises, that really that existence of god is permitting suffering and evil among some people based on their karma of their previous life. Witnessing reality of human conditions like children being stuck and suffering with cancer or people killed by tsunami, or Siberian people suffering, questions arises. Emotionally and logically the doctrine of karma fits well in explanation of the cause of such sufferings but that can never be the real logical reason. The development of science has already put a question in the existence of the concepts. Physicists and biologists could give some definitive conc lusions like the death and suffering are inevitable. Every carbon atoms that makes a human body has originated several billion ago in the stars. The violent explosion with supernova created the heavier elements and the building blocks. The evolution has worked with the freedom in mutation, randomness and natural selection. Thus in the freedom there could be errors in mutation that causes cancer and other diseases. It is said that nature was created from the destruction. This gives the reason for the existence of natural catastrophes. The paradox of existence is governed with the destruction, death that will subject to the birth of new. The suffering, sadness and depression are due to reasons of the matter of cognitive state or neurological adaptive responses of mind and not anything related to the gods will or karma. The cognitive state of mind explains that it is we who choose to be happy or sad in any depressive condition. The inequality in mankind in suffering is also not a fact of karma but solely due to the genetic differences that we have inherited from our parents. Since our genetic make-up is different, some people are subjected to a disease while the other is resistant to it. This is explained by the scientists as the genetic variation. Genetic variation is also a normal event in nature which is required for the natural selection and evolution. The suffering due to the terrorist attacks, murder and crime is again depended not on the evil but the evil state of cognitive problems that exists in some people. Thus logical explanation over-rules the fact as god being the chess player, playing with our lives. Th e existence of the evil within and around us is a fragment of balance with the good. The reality of evil is built as the requirement of the life to be. In this explanation, the new question that arises is with the existence of god. The atheists argue in different issues of the existence of god and the concept of reincarnation. The traditional concept of god is omniscient, omnipotent and benevolent. The question arises that if god exists then why is god not preventing the suffering of the people? There have been many responses regarding the problem of evil. There still has been no right logical reason behind it. The first logical response to the problem of evil is due to free will defence. Much of the evil in the world exists as we chose to create it. There still has been no correct logical reason behind the existence of good and evil. Arguments arise when any particular reasoning statement comes up with the logical explanation for the existence of evil and death. With the doctrine of karma that has ruled the people and the researchers minds with the explanation for the suffering from the omnipotent being, god. The karma explains the deeds of our past life are the result of our suffering. Hindus think of our rebirth and multiple recreations. However, modern science is quite agreeing with the terms though indirectly. The science gives the logical explanation states that suffering is mainly based on our deeds that how e choose to live or act upon any situation. The suffering that is occurring to others is also solely due to the negative and evil thoughts of other people. The suffering due to disease by some is also due to the biological reason. The natural disasters are also a part of a normal process in creation of new. References Bilimoria, P., 2007. Karma, Duhkha and the problem of suffering.Indian ethics: classical traditions and contemporary challenges, pp.191-210. Chadha, M. and Trakakis, N., 2007. Karma and the problem of evil: a response to Kaufman.Philosophy East and West,57(4), pp.533-556. Clooney, F.X., 1989. Evil, Divine Omnipotence, and Human Freedom: Ved?nta's Theology of Karma.The Journal of religion,69(4), pp.530-548. Hick, J., 1988.God and the Universe of Faiths: Essays in the Philosophy of Religion. Springer.p-2 Hick, J., 1994.Death and eternal life. Westminster John Knox Press.p-38 Kaufman, W.R., 2005. Karma, rebirth, and the problem of evil.Philosophy East and West,55(1), pp.15-32. Kaufman, W.R., 2007. Karma, Rebirth, and the Problem of Evil: A Reply to Critics.Philosophy East and West,57(4), pp.556-560. Kessler, G.E., 2002.Studying religion: An introduction through cases. McGraw-Hill Humanities.p-10 Livingston, J.C., 2001.Anatomy of the Sacred: An introduction to Religion. Prentice Hall.ch-10 Perrett, R., 1985. Karma and the Problem of Suffering.Sophia,24(1), pp.4-10. Peterson, M., Hasker, W., Reichenbach, B. and Basinger, D., 2012. Reason religious belief: an introduction to the philosophy of religion. Ch-8 Thrane, S., 2010. Hindu end of life: Death, dying, suffering, and karma.Journal of Hospice Palliative Nursing,12(6), pp.337-342.

What Was the Renaissance Like Argumentative Essay Example For Students

What Was the Renaissance Like Argumentative Essay 1 . What was the Renaissance like? Account for its main features. The term Renaissance is from the same French word, meaning rebirth. It comes from the Italian Reenactments, Re meaning again and nascence meaning be born. The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages (Tuscany) and later spreading to the rest of Europe. Its influence affected literature, philosophy, art, politics, science, religion, and other aspects of intellectual enquiry. We will write a custom essay on What Was the Renaissance Like Argumentative specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now As a cultural movement, the Renaissance period encompassed a rebellion of lassie-based learning, the development of linear perspective in painting, and gradual but widespread educational reform. Traditionally, this intellectual transformation has resulted in the Renaissance being viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era. Although the Renaissance saw revolutions in many intellectual pursuits, as well as social and political upheaval, it is perhaps best known for its artistic developments and the contributions of such polymaths as Leonardo ad Vinci and Michelangelo, who inspired the term Renaissance man. The leading intellectual trait of the era was the recovery, to a certain degree, of the secular and humane philosophy of Greece and Rome. Another humanist trend which cannot be ignored was the rebirth of individualism, which, developed by Greece and Rome to a remarkable degree, had been suppressed by the rise of a caste system in the later Roman Empire, by the Church and by feudalism in the Middle Ages. Medieval Christianity restricted individual expression, fostered self-abnegation and self-annihilation, and demanded implicit faith and unquestioning obedience. Furthermore, the Church officially ignored man and nature. Http://www. Timpani. Com/renaissance. HTML Literature (characteristics): Emphasis on classical studies in the expanding universities. -Increasing literacy among the laity. -Learning increased rapidly. -New schools were founded throughout Britain, in rural villages as well as cities. -Increasing trade leads to individual wealth, general prosperity, nationalism, and mate rialism. -Gradual movement from unquestioned religious beliefs toward a more human- centered philosophy. -Emphasis on human potential, not Gods power, believing ones role in life should be action, not religious contemplation. Language: English had triumph over French as the spoken language. It became the engage of scholarship, replacing Latin, and the language of theology. It had no bounds to its development. As regards vocabulary, much growth came from the learned words borrowed from Latin and Greek, but explorers and overseas tradesmen brought an influx of words from many foreign languages. New words were invented daily. Spelling was erratic. In pronunciation, many words were stressed on different syllables from the ones currently emphasized. Changes in grammatical elements: -Pronouns: ye was replaced by you. -Verbs: the endings the changed to s. 2. Explain how the Philosophy of Humanism differs from the ideals held during the Middle English Period. Humanism is a system of thought that considers that solving human problems with the help of reason is more important than religious beliefs. It emphasizes the fact that the basic nature of humans is good. It is secular-minded religion is no longer the orientation. Humanism was not a philosophy per SE, but rather a method of learning. In contrast between authors, humanists would study ancient texts in the original, typically written in Latin or ancient Greek, and appraise them through a combination of reasoning and empirical evidence. ) Mention the key representatives among Humanists writers Sir Thomas More: he was a humanist and lawyer, the first layman to become Chancellor. Best known for his work Utopia (no place or good place), which tells of an ideal state with the truly representative government. It was written in Latin, addressing to all scholars in Europe (names were in Greek ). He describes his ideas of a perfect society. His work gave rise to the Utopian literature (new genre), presented as an ideal of perfection. Tyndale: was the first translator of the Renaissance, a defender of the faith who creates new words that didnt exist in English. His work as a translator was opposed in England and he was forced to live in Germany, where he produced the first English version of the Bible between 1525 and 1531 King James: made the first authorized version of the Bible. He used an archaic language so as to sound formal, show respect, and create a more distant atmosphere. It was a collected work of all the previous translations. Sir Thomas Eliot: with The book named the Governor -Protestant/Anglican: Tyndale, Coverall -Protestant/Calvinist: Geneva Bible -Catholic: Today Bible b) Focus on Thomas More and explain why his Utopia is a Renaissance literary work Sir Thomas Meres most famous work is essentially a dialogue between More, and an imaginary character Raphael Hathaway. In the conversation between the two men, More learns that Hathaway is a traveler who has been all over the world with America Vesuvius and had been left to explore the island of Utopia (nowhere). Hathaway explains how life in England has many evils in society in all aspects of life from political to social aspects. He then explains how the people of Utopia handled Sir Thomas Meres Utopia is a satire the name Raphael Hathaway means dispenser of nonsense-. The book also makes fun at many aspects of society in England during the time period such as the severity of criminal law and the growing luxury of the wealthy class at the expense of the poor classs life of increased hardship. More can successfully accomplish the feat of criticizing the government because the character that is making the critical analysis of England is made up. By using this technique in Utopia, More can publicize his own thoughts on the nation without being called out for treason to the crown. 3. Focus on the Sonnet Sonnet: short song, a lyrical poem in 14 lines. A) How does the Patriarchal sonnet compare to the Elizabethan sonnet? Patriarch wrote sonnets that consider love in an early renaissance sense; that is, they idealism the beloved lady, and they focus on the divine qualities she possesses, while lamenting the pain the speaker feels in not being with her. Each sonnet of fourteen lines considers one proposition in the opening octave of eight lines, and then considers the reverse or opposing view in the final sestets, or six lines. The switch from one view to its opposite is called the Volta. Shakespeare wrote sonnets in a much later period, and pokes fun at the idea that his beloved lady could possibly represent divine beauty. In addition, he took the English form of the sonnet, developed by the Earl of Surrey and Thomas Wyatt, which included a final rhyming pair of lines, called a rhyming couplet. Shakespeare then pursued the same proposition throughout the entire sonnet until the very end, often pushing the Volta to the final couplet. Structure of the Sonnet Patriarchal sonnet: -Each line has 5 feet consisting of either one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable (iambic pentameter). Each line has 10 syllables in all. -The poem is divided into two parts: the octave (8 lines divided in two ropes of 4 lines) and the sestets (6 lines divided in two groups of 3 lines). Octave: presentation, problem, argument, question. Sestets: solution, conclusion, answer. -The rhyme scheme at the end of each li ne of the octave is: baobab; the sestets often varies, CDC or ceded. .u339d251f92cf4105e177ac00ca850b65 , .u339d251f92cf4105e177ac00ca850b65 .postImageUrl , .u339d251f92cf4105e177ac00ca850b65 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u339d251f92cf4105e177ac00ca850b65 , .u339d251f92cf4105e177ac00ca850b65:hover , .u339d251f92cf4105e177ac00ca850b65:visited , .u339d251f92cf4105e177ac00ca850b65:active { border:0!important; } .u339d251f92cf4105e177ac00ca850b65 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u339d251f92cf4105e177ac00ca850b65 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u339d251f92cf4105e177ac00ca850b65:active , .u339d251f92cf4105e177ac00ca850b65:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u339d251f92cf4105e177ac00ca850b65 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u339d251f92cf4105e177ac00ca850b65 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u339d251f92cf4105e177ac00ca850b65 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u339d251f92cf4105e177ac00ca850b65 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u339d251f92cf4105e177ac00ca850b65:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u339d251f92cf4105e177ac00ca850b65 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u339d251f92cf4105e177ac00ca850b65 .u339d251f92cf4105e177ac00ca850b65-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u339d251f92cf4105e177ac00ca850b65:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Princely Courts of the Early Renaissance EssayElizabethan, Shakespearean or English sonnet: -Each line is in iambic pentameter. -The poem is divided into four parts: 3 quatrains (4 lines each) and a final couplet (2 lines). -The rhyme scheme is usually: ABA CDC fief / g Shakespeare. ABA Bcc CDC / e Spencer. Http://suites 01 . Com/article/differences-between-the-patriarchal-and-the- houseparent-sonnet-a374838 b) Why can sonnets be equated to miniatures? C) Which is the function performed by the rhyming couplet in 16th century sonnets? The 6th-century sonnets were written to display the great cleverness, sophistication, and skill of the poet. Generally speaking, sonnets were more self- centered than their love rhetoric might initially suggest. Although they often purport to express private emotions from the poet to a beloved, they were usually meant not for private communication, but for public consumption amongst a circle of Courtly readers. In other words, they were written to impress others rather than to envoy genuine emotion. The great majority of 16th-century sonnets were written to explore unrequited romantic love. Resistant, disdainful, or otherwise unavailable woman. The speaker spends much of his time trying to persuade the beloved to sleep with him. Patriarch developed a number of conventions for describing loves varied pleasures and torments and the beauty of the beloved. Sonnets abound in wordplay: puns, double-entendre, multiple meanings, and clever figures of speech. The most common figures of speech used in 16th-century sonnets include the conceit, the blazon, and personification. Http://www. Lima. Hoi-state. Du/debarks/sonnet. HTML d) Which are the current themes in sonnets? Compare Patriarchal themes to Shakespearean themes. -Courtly love: love as pain (unrequited); love as a labyrinth; love as passion stronger than will; loves as chains you cannot escape. -Art. -Time: poetry could stop the passage of time preserve a particular moment. -Death. -Historical figures -Love at first sight, obsessive yearning and loveliness, frustration, love as parallel to feudal service; Patriarchal themes: The lady as ideally beautiful, ideally virtuous, miraculous, beloved in heaven, and destined to early death; Love as virtue, love as idolatry, love as sensuality; The god of love with his arrows, fires, whips, chains; Conceits, wit, urbane cleverness; disputations and scholastic precision; Allegory, personification; Wooing, exhortation, outcry; Praise, blame; self-examination, Self-accusation, self-defense; Repentance and the farewell to love. Shakespeare themes: One interpretation is that Shakespearean sonnets are in part a pastiche or parody of the three-centuries-old tradition of Patriarchal love sonnets; Shakespeare consciously inverts conventional gender roles as delineated in Patriarchal sonnets to create a more complex and potentially troubling depiction of human love. He also violated many sonnet rules, which had been strictly obeyed by his fellow poets: he plays with gender roles, he speaks on human evils that do not have to do with love, he comments on political events, he makes fun of love, he speaks openly about sex, he parodies beauty, and even introduces witty pornography e) Account for the main contributions made by renaissance consenters: Wyatt, Surrey, Lily, Sidney and Spencer. To do so, focus in the themes these consenters privilege and the main devices they employ. Provide 2 examples of their poetry. ** Wyatt: Betrayal is a prevalent theme in Watts work. Typically, the narrator is the wronged person and the poem serves to expose betrayals involving affairs of the heart along with political and social treachery. In Watts work, the fickle nature of women can rear its head at any time and a courtier could be given the cold shoulder on the whim of the king especially true in Henry Vics time. For example, in They Flee From Me, the narrator details being forsaken both by a woman he loved and by acquaintances who once sought his guidance. Watts orators experience lash out from the pain but also dejectedly accept their position. In My Heart I Gave Thee, the narrator realizes that to pursue the one who wronged him is pointless. Still, the betrayed are not without their cutting words and extreme emotions. Lax! My Fair Falcon, believed to have been written during Watts imprisonment, contains vivid imagery (like lice away from dead bodies they crawl) to illustrate the cruelty of betrayal. Even God abandons him. He follows Patriarchal ** Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey The tight rhyme scheme is not Surreys only sonic device: theres plenty of alliteration, too. Brittle beauty, tickle treasure, slipper in sliding, Jewel of Jeopardy are among the most noticeable examples, but almost every line makes use of the device to some degree. Influenced by Wyatt, he popularizes English form of sonnet while adding the theme of nature. He did much to establish the tradition of courtly concerned with arts and letters. He translated the Ended, making first use of blank verse (unrushed iambic pentameter). ** John Ally He is best known for Pushes (puppyish style) which has trivial and twisted plots but was read for its alliterative style and extravagant language. He is involved in the writing of Drama. He takes his imagery from classical learning. There are classical allusions, symmetry, parallelism, alliteration. People loved it so much that he wrote a second part of Pushes. ** Sir Philip Sidney He was the first English literary critic. He argues that poetry has the function of both teaching and delighting. The great end of learning is the living of a virtuous life, and the inspired poet can lead readers to the highest truths. Prose: -Arcadia: as Ally, he uses the prose for ornamental use and has a twisted plot. .u547761f373fdd5d36cbb1d8569d907db , .u547761f373fdd5d36cbb1d8569d907db .postImageUrl , .u547761f373fdd5d36cbb1d8569d907db .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u547761f373fdd5d36cbb1d8569d907db , .u547761f373fdd5d36cbb1d8569d907db:hover , .u547761f373fdd5d36cbb1d8569d907db:visited , .u547761f373fdd5d36cbb1d8569d907db:active { border:0!important; } .u547761f373fdd5d36cbb1d8569d907db .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u547761f373fdd5d36cbb1d8569d907db { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u547761f373fdd5d36cbb1d8569d907db:active , .u547761f373fdd5d36cbb1d8569d907db:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u547761f373fdd5d36cbb1d8569d907db .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u547761f373fdd5d36cbb1d8569d907db .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u547761f373fdd5d36cbb1d8569d907db .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u547761f373fdd5d36cbb1d8569d907db .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u547761f373fdd5d36cbb1d8569d907db:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u547761f373fdd5d36cbb1d8569d907db .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u547761f373fdd5d36cbb1d8569d907db .u547761f373fdd5d36cbb1d8569d907db-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u547761f373fdd5d36cbb1d8569d907db:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Renaissance Essay ThesisDevice used: pathetic fallacy, beyond personification. He gives inanimate objects willing and feelings of their own. He uses imagery from nature sounds more fresh. Poetry: -Catastrophe and Stella: first sequence of related sonnets in English. Catastrophe (star lover) Stella (star) **Edmund Spencer: He was the first important modern English poet. His poetry continues in the allegorical verse tradition of the Middle Ages. His allegories, however, were much more complex than previous ones on three levels: moral, historical, and personal. Allegories were suggested by the characters names: Vanity, Queen of Pride, Gluttony. Readers should be alert to the multilevel meaning of each character. Spencer divides a nine line stanza, rhyming Babcock, now known as the Spenserian stanza. The first eight lines of the stanza are in iambic pentameter, the last is an Alexandrine (iambic hexameter). Patriotism, political thought, humanism, Protestant idealism, epic and romance, etc. Amaretto: a sonnet sequence f) Analyses The Hind by Wyatt and the sonnet that begins Since brass, nor stone By Shakespeare. The Hind by Wyatt Wyatt uses the sonnet form, which he introduced to England from the work of Patriarch. The Patriarchal sonnet typically has 14 lines. The first 8 lines, or octet, introduce a problem or issue for contemplation and the remaining six lines, or sestets, offers a resolution or an opinion. Wyatt uses iambic pentameter. This means that there are five pairs of syllables, each with the stress on the second syllable. It is t he most common rhythm used in traditional poetry and was used by Shakespeare in his sonnets, poems and plays. Iambic pentameter, though a regular rhythm, was thought to be closest to ordinary speech patterns, so it is an attempt to imitate but also elevate the sounds of everyday conversation. By opening the poem with a question, the narrator challenges the reader. There is an invitation in his words, and the use of an exclamation mark at the end of the first line implies excitement at the idea. As hunting was a popular pastime in the court of Henry VIII, this suggests a poem along the lines of Henry Vics own most famous lyric, Pastime With Good Company. However, problem within the octet is revealed in line 2 as the poet tells us that he is no longer part of the hunt. An exclamation mark is used in line 2, again to emphasize emotion, but this time frustration and regret. This is a passionate yet contradictory introduction. Line 3 makes use of assonance to reveal the poets earlier hunting efforts as Vain travail which has tired him out to the point of physical pain. We can see that the poem is an extended metaphor for the end of a relationship. The metaphor is an excellent choice in terms of the Tudor court and the possible situation to which it is attributed. The poet is now at the tail end of the pursuit, although, he says in line 5 that his mind has not deviated from the hunt. Wyatt makes use of enjambment (breaking a phrase over more than one line of verse) and caesura (concluding a phrase within the first half of a line of verse) across lines six and seven to highlight the discord represented by the end of the relationship as he subverts and challenges is own chosen structure. In line 8, the poet uses the concluding line of the octet to stress the futility of his former quest. He uses the metaphor of catching the wind in a net to emphasize the pointlessness of his chase. The final sestets begins with line 9 reiterating the appeal to those who wish to join the hunt, but he continues in to line 10 to explain that the pursuit will be in vain Line 11 continues the extended metaphor as an explanation of why his hunt of this hind, and that of others who pursue her, is so pointless. She has a bejewel collar, indicating she already has an owner. Her collar is adorned with the Latin phrase Noel Me teenager meaning touch me not. This expression refers to a phrase spoken by Jesus to Mary Magdalene in the Bible. The design also includes the name of her owner for Careers I am. If we identify the poem as referring to Anne Boldly, then her new owner would be King Henry VIII; the pair were married around the time when this poem was composed and Wyatt could no longer compete for her affections. By describing Henry using the allusion of Caesar, Wyatt bestows on his monarch the qualities of a reputation of greatness and incisive rule. Caesar was, like Henry, a leader early in late teens, a handsome and strong young man and was significant in the political and aesthetic changes and developments of his realm. Both were literate, charismatic and influential. However, other less favorable parallels can be drawn. Both Caesar and Henry VIII incurred huge debt during their respective offices. There were many subjects who were held captive, sometimes executed, on charges of treason. Caesar faced questions regarding his sexuality and his unsuitable choices of women. Wyatt may also be alluding to these less appealing aspects of Caesar in his comparison if we see the suasion in the poem to be borne of frustration and anger. Http://www. Graveside. Mom/collected-poems-of-sir-Thomas-Wyatt/study- guide/sections/ Sonnet 64 discusses the lofty towers I see down-razed, the brass which is eternal slave to mortal rage, or a victim to war, and the destruction of the kingdom of the shore by the hungry ocean. Here again, brass, nor stone, nor earth, nor boundless sea can escape the ravages of time. Line 3 asks, How with this rage shall beauty hold a plea, characterizing beauty as the plaintiff in a legal dis pute. Time is thus characterized as an unfair warranty, against which delicate beauty stands no chance in court. The legal terminology is continued in the following line with the use of the word action. The idea of times rage links Sonnet 65 to the previous sonnet. In Sonnet 64, brass is described as an eternal slave to mortal rage. The term rage in association with time is also seen in Sonnet 13, which refers to the barren rage of deaths eternal cold. Lines 6-8 present a metaphor of the seizure of a city, which would be the final destruction of war. In line 6, the wrathful siege of battering days, refers to ruin and

Marketing Plan for BlackBerry

Marketing Plan for BlackBerry Executive Summary The BlackBerry is Smartphone manufactured by RIM. It has been having a large market share, especially in the North American market. However, it is currently facing stiff competition from other products such as the Apple iPhone and Nokia Smartphone among others.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Marketing Plan for BlackBerry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main target for the BlackBerry has been the business users and it has not been able to effectively attract the mainstream consumers. Such Company as Apple has been able to produce products that have been attractive to the majority consumers. However, RIM can still take appropriate measures to avoid losing its market share by coming up with a new series BlackBerry Smartphone to add it to its product line with an intention of increasing its market share in North America as well as in the foreign markets such as China, parts of Africa and Euro pe. The company will have to capitalize on the available opportunities and its strengths and to make the necessary efforts to overcome its weaknesses and threats in order to win the competition. In this marketing plan, the situation of the BlackBerry product has been assessed and analyzed; the available literature concerning the problem of stiff competition and losing the market share by BlackBerry has also been looked at. In addition, a marketing strategy to be employed in introducing the new BlackBerry product to the market has been given and the financial projections and implementation plan has also been given in this marketing plan. Situation Assessment and Analysis According to Gowda, Szabo, Choi, Hauk Salt (2009), â€Å"Research In Motion – RIM, pioneered the development of the Smartphone market in 1998 with the BlackBerry, positioned in government and enterprise target markets† (Gowda, Szabo, Choi, Hauk Salt, 2009, p.3).Advertising Looking for term pap er on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The BlackBerry has gained a competitive edge following its recognition as being an â€Å"all-in-one portable wireless communication device† (Gowda, et al, 2009, p.3). It has a broad portfolio of Smartphone products which include; BlackBerry Tour, Bold, Pearl and Curve series (Gowda, et al, 2009). On the was of this product getting more popularity, it goes without saying that it would be meaningless if the RIM Company depends on the sales of the present existing enterprise in order of ensuring the retaining of the products in the market. Following this realization, a move to introduce the BlackBerry Storm series was taken in 2008 and the main aim for this was to accommodate the majority consumer segments. However, this new series brought about â€Å"low customer satisfaction rates†. Another move was taken in 2009 to bring improvement to this series in wh ich there was launching of the Storm2 series. However, the consumer expectations are ever changing and the competitors are always on the lookout to satisfy the consumer needs. Therefore, it is essential that RIM develops a new BlackBerry series product to add it to its product line in order to win the competition since the competitors in the Smartphone market such as Apple and Nokia are becoming more and more innovative. Research In Motion is a company that became very popular all over the world getting its popularity each day with a high speed. There are more than 14 million people who preferred the Blackberry production and, in total, the users come from different places of the world. Between the year 2005 and 2009, its revenue approached over $11,000 million. Out of this revenue, 92 percent came from outside North America. In 2009 financial year, the revenue increased by 84 percent over the financial year 2008 (Datamonitor, 2009). The company has realized growth â€Å"by expandi ng in to foreign markets where it held 18.7 percent of the global Smartphone market share in 2009† (Datamonitor, 2009, p. 1). Strong financials bring in investors and enable RIM to realize growth with coming up with new products as well as new solutions. However, this company encounters a danger to its global share and revenue as a number of its competitors enter the industry and come up with new products.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Marketing Plan for BlackBerry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The forecasts that were made gave an indication that the Smartphone market would increase by 19 percent all through from the year 2009 to 2011. Even if there was a decrease in the sales of mobile phones by 9 percent at the start of 2009,†the Smartphone movement increased by 13 percent despite the economic crisis† (Datamonitor, 2009, p.3). The consumers of the Smartphone have given an indication tha t they have attached value on the multi-media applications and entertainment in their mobile devices. This tendency offers an opportunity for RIM to expand its product lines by putting much of its focus on the needs of the mainstream consumers. Competition RIM takes up the 20% of the global Smartphone market share. Even if this share is remarkable, the company is facing threats from its competitors and it is constantly fighting to remain on top of the competition. Its competitors in this market include â€Å"High Tech Computer (HTC), Apple, Nokia, Google’s Android, Samsung and Palm† (Gowda, et al, 2009, p. 4). Considering the Apple Company, in the financial year that ended in September 2008, its net sales amounted to $11.8 billion. Basing on the research that was conducted, it was established that the Apple Company was able to take up 13.3 percent of the global market share â€Å"as their 3 GB iPhone is growing in popularity selling for $199 with a service contractâ⠂¬  (Datamonitor, 2009, p.4). In addition, the iPhone offers a competitive advantage, â€Å"as the device is able to run upwards of 85,000 applications providing higher utility for customers† (Datamonitor, 2009, p.5). In a similar manner, Nokia dominates the Smartphone global market share at 40 percent, posing a threat to North America market shares (Abkowitz, 2009). SWOT Analysis Strengths One of the strengths of the BlackBerry product is the brand image. This product has one of the best images for the mobile phones in the current mobile phone market. The diverse business it has possesses various products for its greater range of consumers. The other strength is that it is an innovative product. The software of the BlackBerry is designed very well. This phone is greatly secure it combines well with other platforms. It operates well with various other carriers which make it possible for it to be utilized all over the world. This device is quite easy to manage. It’s ba ttery life is longer than the standard one.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The third strength is the product features. This product has â€Å"a small form-factor with an easy-to-use-keyboard† (Randhawa et al, 2009, p.2). RIM has the patents for the â€Å"thumbwheel and QWERTY keyboard found on the device† (Randhawa, et al, 2009, p.2). In addition, the device has a â€Å"speedy mobile e-mail provider† and it has coverage in a large number of major nations. The Blackberry Smartphone is very comfortable to use when monitoring the e-mail messages. It is a very convient and portable way of being connected to the Internet as well. The global utilization of this product is one of â€Å"its best known assets† (Randhawa, et al, 2009, p.2). Weaknesses One of the main weaknesses of the Blackberry is ‘Global Coverage Dependence†. The company’s business model which involves entirely selling through operators implies that it relies on its â€Å"operators when it comes to launch Blackberry’s services† (Randhawa , et al, 2009, p.2). This consumes much time and the expense of launching this â€Å"can be high for small time operators† (Randhawa, et al, 2009, p.2). The other weakness of the Blackberry is the cost of ownership. This product has a high ownership cost. According to Randhawa, et al (2009), â€Å"Blackberry is known as a high-end product that is very costly for enterprises that want to provide e-mail across large organizations† (Randhawa, et al, 2009, p.2). The other companies competing with RIM have brought to the market products that are less costly as compared to the Blackberry. The third weakness of the Blackberry is in relation to its features. When it comes to setting up critical applications, the Blackberry does not find it easy but struggles. It does not have â€Å"a very large storage of third-party software†¦.when it comes to most people, its main feature is the e-mail utility† (Randhawa, et al, 2009, p.2). Opportunities One of the available oppo rtunities is the wide range of offerings for mobile workers. The increasing number of consumers will, in the future, need to be satisfied and the Blackberry will be at their service to ensure the consumers’ needs as are satisfactorily met. RIM will seek to ensure the enlarge of e-mail all across the world towards a market which is divergent and popular at the international level. Consumers have the knowledge about this value but they do not have the willingness of paying a premium. The other opportunity is that RIM â€Å"extends the range of third-party Blackberry devices† (Randhawa, et al, 2009, p.3). At a time Blackberry engages in licensing its software via â€Å"Blackberry connect and Blackberry programs† it is in a position to increase control against other users who have preference for the platforms of the Blackberry and â€Å"It is easily addressable in global markets and features certain products in markets worldwide† (Randhawa, et al, 2009, p.3). Threats The biggest threat that the Blackberry faces is the competition. The Blackberry is currently experiencing stiff competition from other products such as the Apple’s iPhone than it has ever experienced. There are various suppliers all over the world which give competition to Blackberry on each and every coming day. Blackberry competes as well with its operators; a large number of them have ensured launching of their own â€Å"branded e-mail service† (Randhawa, et al, 2009, p.3). There is a great competition in gaining popularity at the level of economic marketing within the mobile industry that bases on the competing of Blackberry with the products that are eager to imitate or to overcome this mobile product. Marketing Research (Literature Review) According to Tsirulnik (2010), even though the BlackBerry is the largely used Smartphone in the U.S, with about 43 percent of the market share, there seems that its application strategy has not been a success. In compa ring RIM with the Apple Company, the RIM’s BlackBerry App World is remarkably â€Å"less crowed than Apple’s App store† (Tsirulnik, 2010, para. 2). By the beginning of the year 2010, there were about one hundred and fifty thousand applications in iTunes while the â€Å"BlackBerry App World† did not have more than fifteen thousand applications. Moreover, it is reported that Android was a little higher but in a similar ballpark. â€Å"There is no too much going on in terms of branded BlackBerry applications and it is rather ironical considering its market share† (Tsirulnik, 2010, para 2). It has also been reported that the iPhone/Android platform do have touch functionality that is superior as well as navigation from App store to application to a larger number of the BlackBerry devices (Tsirulnik, 2010). In addition, the Androids and iPhones are preloaded with their app stores but on the other hand, a person using a BlackBerry has to download App Wor ld in case he or she wants to use it (Tsirulnik, 2010, para 22). However, it is pointed out that â€Å"BlackBerry has a great opportunity to win over the enterprise and B2B market, as companies are far more likely to incorporate companywide BlackBerry solutions over the iPhone, which constitutes a significant barrier to entry for the iPhone† (Tsirulnik, 2010, para 22). Tsirulnik poses a question that; â€Å"will BlackBerry App World measure up to the iPhone† (Tsirulnik, 2010, para 10). The iPhone has a large â€Å"installed base of seventy five million iPhone and iPod devices and counting, all feeding on billions of downloads of 150,00-pluc applications† (Tsirulnik, 2010, para 11). The success of the â€Å"iPhone App Store† is attributed to its marketing support which include; â€Å"existing infrastructure of application review sites, blogs and YouTube review sites† (Tsirulnik, 2010, para 12). Research in Motion is supposed to obtain more developer s as well as brands which have interest in the creation of the entertaining and fun applications for the company’s platform ((Tsirulnik, 2010). According to Arthur (2011), RIM has been gradually losing its market share in the course of the last two years to phones that make use of the Google’s Android OS as well as to the Apple’s iPhone, and especially in the U.S market which was once the company’s biggest market. However, this company has been able to gain the market share in other countries in Africa, Europe and Asia, and especially in China. It is reported that the company has been able to gain a bigger market share than that that has been held by the former market leader Nokia for Smartphone sales in parts of Africa and China (Arthur, 2011). However, although the profits of RIM increased in the most recent quarter of the financial year 2011, there was sequential fall in the handset sales, giving an indication that the customers were not renewing contr acts but they were instead purchasing touch-based phones for RIM’s competitors such as Apple, Samsung and HTC (Arthur, 2010). According to Arthur (2011), â€Å"RIM’s customers split roughly 50 -50 between business users and consumers, where the general Smartphone market is split 30-70† (Arthur, 2011, para 11). The consumer market is bigger and following this, problems have been created for RIM in its attempts to expand the customer base â€Å"as the iPhone and Android phones have so far proved more popular with the first wave of consumer Smartphone buyers† (Arthur, 2011, para 11). According to Siebes (2010), following the industry wide competition, there has been increased spending in research and development at RIM and this has in turn led to a decrease in profit margins to a considerable level between the year 2007 and 2010. Moreover, there has been an eight percent increase in the cost of sales during the same period and at the same time, there has bee n a decrease in the average selling price per unit to $311 in 2010 from $371 in 2009 (Peers, 2010). To a great extend, the rise in the cost of sales is attributed to increased level of spending on research and development and at the same time, the decreasing unit selling cost is a result of end-consumer expectations â€Å"in a market where RIM’s BlackBerry is no longer one of just a few alternatives† (Siebes, 2010, para. 4). It is pointed out that the company is not just about to make a loss but it is imperative that to the company’s stakeholders for it to maintain high profit levels (Siebes, 2010). As on one hand it is not realistic to have expectations of the company’s profit margins going back to the previous highest levels any time in the near future, some actions are supposed to be taken to ensure that there is slowing down of the rate at which the profit margins are decreasing in the short time, and to ensure that there is an increase in the profit margins in the long run. Marketing Strategy Marketing Mix Product To this point, RIM has transformed â€Å"mobile phone communication devices with the BlackBerry smartphone† (Gowda, et al, 2009, p.5). The best idea would be to add to the product depth by bringing in a new BlackBerry to the product line by coming up with a multi-media device to meet the consumers’ needs in a better way. Price The setting of the price point will be done by the pricing strategies of the competitors. For the clients who long to have the satellite service, there will be predetermining of the extra charge. Place There will be distribution of the new BlackBerry product through the North American service carriers as well as the Global carriers, retail outlets and also through the â€Å"Black Berry promotional website† (Grewal, 2009, p.9). Promotion The company will engage in communicating the advantages of the new BlackBerry product to the consumers and it will do this through tailored advertisement campaigns, †internet marketing, viral marketing, social media channels and exclusive offers to current and new customers† (Grewal, 2009, p.9). Financial Projections and Analysis It is projected that within the next one year, there will be a gradual increase in the BlackBerry market share and the company’s profits are projected to increase at a rate of 10 percent per year. However, in the long run, after between three and five years, it is expected that the profits will increase by about thirty percent. Target Market The present BlackBerry target market is formed by a population consisting of middle to upper class consumers who fall in the age range between 30 to 55 years in the â€Å"professional, executive, and industrial segments† (Gowda, et al, 2009, p.4). The main target for getting new clients is the mainstream consumer market where the RIM Company will enter this segment by putting the changes in the consume expectations in to considerat ion. The company can bring the Smartphone products in to the market with more multimedia components to go with the interactive lifestyle of the consumers. In order to go on with the long-term growth, â€Å"RIM will target the next generational cohort. Tweets’, who are adept to technology, social media and have considerable influence on their parent’s consumer behavior† (Grewal, 2009, p.20). Strategies, Implementation and Controls The RIM to be able to satisfy the needs of the next generation of consumers and expand its global presence and increase its Smartphone market share, it has to increase its product depth. It has to add a new series to the BlackBerry Smartphone product line. In order to realize this, it needs to take various measures. One of the measures that need to be taken is product development. The current capabilities of the BlackBerry devices will not be sufficient in meeting the ever changing expectations of the consumers in the long run. The comp any can expand its market share both in North America and globally by ensuring addition of a BlackBerry series to the product depth under the mobile communication devices breadth. The new BlackBerry series that the company will have to come up with will have to feature increased multimedia and application capabilities, â€Å"non-scratch recycled metal, a full LED touch screen in combination with Qwerty keypad on the reverse side of the device, and a satellite service option for all customers† (Gowda, et al, p.5). The â€Å"satellite service will give out a higher value and greater utility for consumers who have a desire to use their phone at any place in the world. The advantage of this new BlackBerry product line will generate and give value by ensuring that the ever changing needs of the existing and new consumers are satisfied within the targeted market segments. The new alternative would facilitate sustenance of growth because a new product creates motivation for clients to go on buying BlackBerry products and offer greater utility with the features that have been added. Having a complete product line, this will enable the BlackBerry products to resist the external threats that are posed by the competitors. The new BlackBerry product will stimulate a sales increase as new products bring in a big proportion of revenues and dominate over other products. However, some disadvantage may be brought in case RIM does not succeed in satisfying the changing needs of the expectations of the consumers because this will bring about revenue loss and a reduction in the profits. If there is no demand for the new product, this may in turn reduce the value of the BlackBerry brand; thus discouraging the existing as well as the new customers from purchasing any BlackBerry brand . In addition, the competitors may decide to improve on the concept on which BlackBerry may base on when developing this new product line and bring to the market an improved model to capture th e market share in case this new product does not succeed. But RIM should foresee this and take appropriate measures to avoid such risks. Adequate research should be carried out to ensure the new product does not fail and serve to satisfy the ever changing consumer needs. Precaution should be taken to ensure the product has not weaknesses on which the competitors can capitalize on it and for them to bring in to the market an even more improved product. Another move that needs to be taken by RIM after developing a new product is market penetration. In order for this company to increase the Smartphone market share is the business as well as consumer segments, it can ensure that the brand awareness is increased. It can do this by communicating the superior benefits of the new BlackBerry brand. In order to bring up the level of the brand awareness, and to ensure intensification of the distribution efforts, the company can open BlackBerry stores having specialized BlackBerry service, situ ated in the business centers as well as suburban regions across the globe, and mostly in Asia, Europe and North America regions. One of the Benefits that will accrue from this is that, by bringing improvement in the marketing mix and open the BlackBerry stores in the existing markets, the company will be able to penetrate its markets and increase its market share. Adding to the â€Å"place of market distribution, this will serve as an additional vehicle that will be used to strengthened its communication of its BlackBerry products through customer service quality. Moreover, the company’s BlackBerry â€Å"specialty stores† offer added value to the products, through providing convenience and product knowledge to both the current as well as new customers in the targeted markets. However, there are some disadvantages that the company may encounter following taking this move. For instance, there will be no compensating of the additional marketing costs in case the addition al promotion and distribution places turns out to be fruitless. In such a situation, the company will loose its market shares to its competitors who may offer innovative products with higher perceived value. If RIM does not move fast and delay in launching the new specialty stores, the customers may not be motivated to purchase from the BlackBerry product line. But the most important thing is the company to consider these shortcomings and ensure they are avoided as much as possible. The other move that can be taken by RIM to gain a larger market share and improve its sales and profitability is to develop the market. The company should seek to further penetrate the global markets by collaborating with mobile carrier service sin nations having emerging markets to increase the market share for its Smartphone. An advantage of this is that, in a large number of developing economies, there is an increasing percent of middle-class household who starting to purchase technological devices. T his offers an opportunity for the company to capture market share and bring up the level of the revenue. Going on to collaborate with co-brand with the global mobile service carriers promotes a number of consumer perceptions of the quality of the product and ensures value addition to the BlackBerry products. One of the drawbacks that may be associated with this is that the potential that go on co-branding with the global mobile service carriers may fail on the side of RIM because, it is pointed out, â€Å"global carrier brands are suited to respective geographic regions and demographics in the different cultures, resulting in different customer profiles† (Gowda, et al, 2009, p.8). The global carrier companies may swift the priorities they have making the co-branded products not to be continued. Consequently, customer loyalty as well as customer relationships which are brought about by the co-branded products would actually be lost. Another drawback may be that venturing in to the foreign markets may be obstructed by the regulations put in place by governments in thee countries. References Abkowitz, A. (2009). How BlackBerry Does It. Fortune, 160, (4), pp.92-100.. Arthur, C. (2011). RIM launches three new BlackBerry devices with BB7 OS. The Guardian. Retrieved from, guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/aug/03/rim-blackberry-launch Datamonitor: (July 2009). Research In Motion Limited SWOT Analysis, Research In Motion Limited. 3 (1) pp1-10. Gowda, N., Szabo, C.. Choi, Y., Hauk, C. Salt, G. (2009). Blackberry’s rise in brand power.London: Macmillan and Company. Grewal, D. (200(9). Marketing,. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Peers, M. (April, 2010) RIMs Not-So-Smart BlackBerry Strategy. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB20001424052702303960604575157951920376486.htm Randhawa, et al. (2009). Blackberry’s rise in brand power: The dueling marketing strategies of RIM versus Apple. Marketing Case Study. Retrieved from , http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:ExMFR-llgx0J:zenportfolios.com/lavreet-randhawa/files/2009/11/Marketing-Case-Study-RIM-vs-Apple.pdf+Blackberry+marketing+strategyhl=engl=ke Siebes, D. (2010). The future of RIM/BlackBerry. MGMT 647. Retrieved from, http://knol.google.com/k/dan-siebes/the-future-of-rim-blackberry/3hp472l8bqpdu/8#_Toc262033563 Tsirulnik, G. (2010). Has RIM’s BlackBerry app strategy failed? Mobile Marketer. Retrieved from, mobilemarketer.com/cms/news/manufacturers/5647.html

What to Do With Your Hands During a Job Interview

What to Do With Your Hands During a Job Interview There are ways to appear (and feel) more confident using body language. But not much attention is paid to what we’re supposed to be doing with our hands. Here are some subtle secrets about  what to do with your hands during a job interview. Use Them to Show ConfidenceRather than crossing your arms across your chest- a gesture of insecurity or defensiveness, try folding your hands, one on top of the other, or simply resting them on the arm of your chair. You’ll appear more open, more in control, and more confident. And remember: open fingers are always better than curled fists.Try to Remain CalmFidgeting is bad. Moving around excessively trying to get comfortable will just prove to your interviewer that you aren’t- and it’s probably not the chair’s fault. On the other hand, not moving at all can make you look rigid or unnatural. Think of it like blinking and come up with a balance of natural movement. You’ll come off like a normal human bein g, which is good- especially when you’re nervous.Use Them to CommunicateIf your palms are open and facing up, this conveys a certain honesty, or willingness. You’re listening, inviting trust. Downward facing palms can convey dominance and firmness, which are much better for salary negotiations than interviews. Also remember to keep your shoulders relaxed. If they’re all the way up at your ears with anxiety, your interviewer will take notice.Beware of Cultural DifferencesAll of this applies mostly to the Western business world. Don’t forget that different body signals can convey totally different things around the globe. Make sure to do a bit of research to rejigger your expectations before an interview. Be sensitive. A thumbs-up in America is great, but do it in an Asian country and you’ll probably offend someone without realizing what you’ve done.Practice Gesture ControlYou may talk with your hands, but you should try and restrict this beha vior in the interview. Keep it to a minimum and focus instead on wielding your words with care and concision, lest you distract your interviewer with your arms flapping around. No matter how hilarious you know you are.

The case for Bainbridge Borough Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The case for Bainbridge Borough - Essay Example First and foremost, this person will undergo intensive labour to deliver the baby. This entitles the person to have some time to rest in order to be able to recover from the pain likely to be experienced during the period of giving birth. Secondly, the mother needs to nurse the newly born baby by suckling her and providing other necessary gentle care. Instead, Carol was offered two consecutive 90-day reasonable purpose leaves which amounted to 6 months of leave. This is a relevant contract provision which states that leaves of absence for a limited period without pay—not to exceed 90 days—shall be granted for any reasonable purpose. What Carol wants is leave to be with her adopted baby so this unpaid leave is just as good as maternity leave. In other words, it can be seen that Carol just wants to be controversial over nothing since she has been given another alternative to maternity leave which is specifically meant for mothers who have given birth naturally. 2. As an attorney for AFSCME Local 10, I think the council’s rejection of Carol’s unpaid maternity leave request violated the collective bargaining agreement. Article X, Section 4.A which deals with issues related to maternity as indicated by the final agreement between Bainbridge Borough and Local 10 state that maternity leaves not to exceed 6 months shall be granted at the request of an employee. As stipulated in this provision, it can be seen that Carole has requested for the leave, therefore she should be granted the opportunity to get it. Maternity leave covers various issues related to child bearing and rearing hence Carol should also be granted this leave since she intends to take care for her newly adopted baby. The baby needs mother care and this is the reason why I believe that Carole should be granted the leave. The refusal by the council to grant Carol this leave can be regarded as discrimination since the law is very clear that this leave can be granted to the

Digital Audio Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Digital Audio - Research Paper Example By 1937, British scientist Alec Reeves invented and patented the Pulse Code Modulation (PCM). The digital revolution has also been pushed forward by the advent of cheap and powerful computational devices. We must also keep in mind the immense contribution of the military in any great leap in technology. The First World War brought in electricity and vacuum tubes. By the Second World War, solid state electronics were invented and this is the first impetus in bringing in the era of miniaturization and power. By 1950s and 1960s, computers were developed and used by the military to build the World Wide Web, which later on in the 1990s were made available to the average consumer. In 1957, Max Matthews of The Bell Laboratory demonstrated how to record sound digitally using computer. The digital recording process consists essentially of an Analogue to Digital conversion. This is achieved by chopping up the signal into small intervals at a rate at least twice the highest perceivable frequenc y. Each part of the sample is then coded using binary numbering system and recorded as pulses. The earlier experiments were done using tape as a storage medium but later discs replaced them. They had a higher density. In chopping up the signal at the rate of 44.1 KHz (in case of ACDs), the amplitude of each part of the waveform sampled is expressed as a binary number containing the equivalent of a combination of 16- zeroes and ones (if 16 Bit quantization is used as in ACDs) or any lower number depending upon the system. This means that the amplitude of this small part of the signal sampled can be expressed in as many as 16 to the power 16 or 65,536 increments. Such a high number of increments to describe a small part of the signal required fast recording density and speed. Therefore video tape recorders were used to record digitally converted audio signal. Discs carrying video frequencies were made to rotate up to 1800 rpm and between 150 and 400 rpm for audio programs. To record a full album digitally, we had to wait until 1976. The first ever 16 bit digital recording was made by Dr. Stockham of Soundstream using a Soundstream Recorder in the U.S. Santa Fe Opera. Sony introduced its flagship D/A converter the PCM 1 in the same year. Now digital recording was in the hands of anyone who can afford the machine and hook it up with an existing VHS VCR to convert it into a digital recorder. In 1979, the first fully digital album was released by Ry Cooder: â€Å"Bop till you Drop†. It was recorded using a 32 track digital multi-track recorder built by 3M. In 1980, Sony and Philips announced the arrival of Audio Compact Disc. The possibility of easy and lossless distribution of high quality digital audio content finally brought in the first waves of the digital boom. In the sphere of studio systems, during 1985, there were only three models of Digital Audio Workstations (DAW) available and only two of them were disk based systems. Audio File from AMS and Dire ct to Disc by NED, were the only two options the third by Denon was the DN 052 ED. But in the years immediately after this, the Digital Audio Workstations were the order of the day for any studios. 3M, Sony, Mitsubishi and Studer introduced their own versions of the DAW. By 1986, the digital consoles started coming in and RDAT was introduced in Japan, making it possible to make digital replicas of recordings easily. If CD was to replace the LP, RDAT was supposed to replace

Assessment and Child Essay Example for Free

Assessment and Child Essay Assessments are very important in determining how to teach our children and where they are in terms of development. There are many types of assessments that can be beneficial in helping determine how to approach the learning style of each child as an individual instead of as a whole group. While each assessment is structurally different, they can produce results which give us insight on where our children are during different stages of their lives. There are both formal and informal assessments that can be used. â€Å"Formal assessments are norm-referenced tests that have standardized, formal procedures for administering, timing and scoring. They have been â€Å"normed† or administered to a representative sample of similar age or grade level students so that final test results can be compared to students of similar characteristics. Test results indicate a person’s relative performance in the group. These standardized tests must be administered as specified in the manual to ensure valid and reliable results†(ERIC Clearinghouse on Assessment and Evaluation). There is another type of formal assessment called criterion-referenced test. These type of test measure what the person is able to do and indicate what skills have been mastered. A CRT compares a person’s performance with their past performances. â€Å"In criterion-referenced measurement, the emphasis is on assessing specific and relevant behaviors that have been mastered rather than indicating the relative standing in the group†(ERIC Clearinghouse on Assessment and Evaluation). Formal assessments can prove to be beneficial as far as comparing test scores over a period of time and how the child is developing over that same period. While formal assessments are useful they also have flaws in them. Standardized test can make a child feel like pressure and anxiety. In a lot of situations when a child feels like this they will not do their best on any type of assessment. Another problem with these types of tests is that they use the same set of questions for all the children and are not sensitive to the situations that different children endure. Children who live in poor and underdeveloped environments may not be exposed to certain ways of life and may not have the same advantages of acquiring knowledge as the other children they go to school with. This will automatically put them at a disadvantage in school and on test they may take. There is another way to do an assessment that is better suited for the child and does not make them feel so uncomfortable and that is an informal assessment. An informal assessment focuses on play and observation of the child and not a test of sorts. By observing the child in a certain situation you can record how they act and how they respond to different situations and stimuli that are presented to them. You can use check-list and rating scales to record your findings and document them and file them away in a portfolio. Another way to do an informal assessment is by parent interviews. You can find out a lot of valuable information by asking the parents questions about their child. Over the past few years teachers have placed more emphasis informal testing than formal testing. â€Å"Some districts have increased the use of curriculum-based measurements(CBM). Several samples of a student’s performance are collected, using items drawn from the local curriculum, usually in basic skill subjects of reading, math, spelling and written expression. Such brief tests are called â€Å"probes†(ERIC Clearinghouse on Assessment and Evaluation). One form of an informal assessment is the Battelle Developmental Inventory. â€Å"The Battelle Developmental Inventory is an assessment for infants and children through age seven. It is a flexible, semi-structured assessment that involves observation of the child, interviews with parents and caregivers, developmental and social history, and interaction with the child using game-like materials, toys, questionnaires, and tasks† (Logsdon). This type of assessment is used to make sure that infants and children are reaching their developmental milestones or showing early signs of learning disabilities or developmental delays. This assessment can also be used through examiner/child and parent/child interaction. Examiners observe the child’s responses and score them based on standardized criteria. The parent caregiver input is also important in the assessment because it is used to gather information about the child’s history and interactions that take place beyond the testing session. When this assessment is used to observe the toddler through preschool development it is mostly done by tasks that involve testing the child with games, toys and tasks. They observe how the child follows directions, interacts with others, and how they perform certain tasks. Parent information is used to assess areas that can’t be observed during the testing session. The performance scores are based on standardized criteria. The Battelle is used to assess five components of development. They are adaptive behavior, personal and social skills, communication including expressive and receptive language, gross and fine motor skills, and finally cognitive skills are included. The results of this assessment can be used to determine if there are delays and how significant they are based on the age group the child is in. Another good assessment tool is play-based assessment. This is simply observing the child in their natural environment. By doing this the observer is able to see interactions between the child and their peers as well as how they speak, the language they use and their motor abilities. It is good to record all this information and keep it in an ongoing portfolio. By keeping a written record of what has been observed and any areas of concern you may suspect, you will have more information to share with the parents and find the proper method of dealing with the problems. I feel there is a major advantage when you use an informal assessment as opposed to a formal one. With formal assessments you can never really tell how smart a child really is. These types of assessments are based on statistics of a large group of children not the children as individuals. Just because children do well on a test does not necessarily make them smarter than others, it simply means they have better test taking skills. There are lots of times that the smartest people do horrible on tests just because they suffer from anxiety and get nervous. You can take the same kids that do poorly on a test and give them an informal assessment where they feel comfortable and you will get different results. Standardized tests are not a reliable means of assessing intelligence based on the fact stated above. These types of tests are often overused in this country and they do not take into account the comfort level or socioeconomic background of the child being tested. These play a more important role in test taking than the test itself. This is the number one reason kids are misdiagnosed for having  learning disabilities and other disorders such as ADHD. I also feel that a good relationship with the parents is essential in determining the educational needs of the child. No one knows their children better than the parents or caregivers. They are the ones who spend the most time with the children and can fill you in on patterns of behavior not seen during a certain test taking session. Parents are the most important resources you can obtain information from when dealing with children. I would strive to keep the parents informed of everything that was going on with their child and how to help them with anything that raised a red flag. The parents should always be informed when an assessment is going to be used. A parent could be upset when their child is going to be tested for a development problem without their consent. If you explain the process and how it can help to determine if the child is developmentally behind it can ease the parent’s mind and make everyone more comfortable. I feel that assessments can be beneficial if they are conducted in the proper manner. Making a child feel more comfortable in their environment is the best way to truly assess them and find out if they are lagging in certain areas of development. It is equally important to always keep the parents involved in all decisions affecting their child and the processes used to assess them. The information used by assessments can help make sure children are developmentally on track, just remember the most important factor is the comfort level of the child. Without assessments a plan of action cannot be implemented or executed if the child is behind in any facet of development. Bibliography Logsdon Ann. Testing for Infant and Toddler Development. About. com Guide. http://learningdisabilities. about. com/od/intelligencetests/p/battelledevelop. htm. Accessed on December 10, 2012. ERIC Clearinghouse on Assessment and Evaluation. Assessments for Young Children. 1999. http://www. 1donline. org/article /6040/ Accessed December 10, 2012. Sue C. Wortham (2012). Assessment in Early Childhood Education. 6th ed.

Woman To Man :: essays research papers

Woman to Man At first glance, the title seemed to have more than one connotation. "Woman to Man;" is the woman giving something to the man, maybe a gift? "Woman to Man." Maybe the title is trying to compare the two genders? I was slightly confused when I read this poem at first, but it became apparent from the rich metaphors, that it was about the sexual relation between the woman and man. It is also about conception - or rather the potential of creating a child from this sexual act - told from the woman's point of view. Judith Wright was very bold in writing such a poem since it was published in 1949, when such issues weren’t discussed in the public, but as a well regarded poet, she had achieved a good reputation for expressing herself, and therefore could write a subjective poem about this issue. The main idea of this poem, is based upon female sexuality and sensuality, and that sex is symbolic of life, or death if pregnancy fails. The title seems to mean now, "Woman to Man" as if the woman is offering herself to the Man, offering her body to create a child, through the act of sex. It also means that the woman has something to give to the man, not only the pleasure, but through blood and pain, a child. The language compliments the mood of this poem, as it varies from a sad and melancholy cry, to a voice of hope, all in a constant confident feel, and by this, the poet's reflections and contemplation’s are communicated successfully to us, making us feel in the same way she has felt. The first stanza begins with a bold and confident entry describing in a simple way the sexual relation between the man and the woman; or better said; Woman to Man. The ‘seed’ which the woman holds - has the potential of becoming a child. The image of the day of birth as a ‘resurrection day’ is important in this respect for, just as the resurrection of Christ defeated death, so too, does each individual conception and birth. The use of alliteration in this first stanza contributes a crescendo of confidence, which relates to the pain, and stress building up until the conception. This also can be interpreted as the excitement during the sexual act. The relief following is shown in the three remaining stanzas which are quieter, and are more explanatory, and by this the poet has intended to show us the relief emancipated from the mother after the birth, or also, after their sexual act.

Preparing and Writing Essay

A basic key to producing good essays is to start early and work steadily over an extended period. Build in time for distractions and problems (e.g. illness or disk failure), and allow for deadline bunching. Plan to complete well before the deadline to allow yourself some leeway. As a rough guide, you might allow three weeks for work on a course essay. The deadline is intended to help you with time management – make sure you adhere to it. Reflect on the feedback obtained on your previous essays. What strengths and weaknesses were identified? Think about how best to overcome the weaknesses. For example, if your essays have been criticised for limited knowledge of the literature or lack of depth, this may indicate that you need to devote more preparation time and increase or change the breadth and depth of your reading; if criticised for poor structure or limited relevance, you are likely to benefit from spending more time on careful planning and editing/reorganising the final draft. Using course essays to work on your weaknesses can help you produce a better essay as well as help to improve your general writing skills. Look more:  how to write a process paper Do some preliminary reading to help you choose an essay topic. The reading lists for the essays provide guidance on sources of preliminary reading. Generally it is useful to choose reading that is relatively recent, this is likely to include a summary of earlier work, some of which you may explore in more detail later. It can also be helpful at an early stage to make use of EconLit and the Library catalogue to check on the availability and nature of supplementary reading on a topic. As should be obvious, you should try to choose a topic that you find interesting. This will help motivate you to work on the essay and is also likely to make the end product more interesting for the reader/marker. Note that interest tends to increase as you work on a topic, providing you don’t leave it all to the last minute. Once you have chosen a topic (or even to help you choose from a short-list of topics), use your initial reading to produce a draft outline plan of your essay. The general advice on what makes a good essay, set out below, should help you to produce an effective plan. A basic plan would typically divide the essay/dissertation into a series of logically ordered sections. This skeleton structure can then be filled out by fitting ideas, relevant references, work and information required, into the planned sections (making use of references from preliminary reading, EconLit etc.) Taking time to construct an effective annotated outline plan should help you to: †¢ Produce a well-structured and coherent essay. †¢ Organise the subsequent work on your essay/dissertation and plan your study time more effectively. †¢ Read actively and more effectively – making you think about how further reading fits into your plan and, possibly, adapting your plan in response to new information or ideas. Although the ingredients of a good essay can vary between courses and topics, the following broad guidelines are generally applicable. Structure: †¢ Ensure that your essay/dissertation has a clear logical structure. †¢ Use the introduction to motivate the topic, set it in perspective and outline the structure of the body of your essay to help the reader follow the argument. †¢ Use the conclusions to draw together the argument, provide an overall assessment and, possibly, indicate areas that might be developed further if space allowed. General content: †¢ The primary focus should be on analysis, not description or presentation of information. †¢ Make it clear that you have a good understanding of the relevant basic literature. But avoid devoting too much space to repeating standard textbook material. Generally you can make clear that you understand the basics in the context of presenting a more advanced or deeper analysis. †¢ Be innovative – think of an interesting and different angle on the topic; draw on ideas from other courses (including non-economics courses) or general reading; go beyond the standard literature by making good use of EconLit or other reference sources; be prepared to challenge standard approaches. This is likely to make the essay more interesting for you and the reader/marker. †¢ Remember it is your essay, it should reflect your informed thought and judgements on the topic, not simply reiterate or paraphrase the views of others. Analysis and models: †¢ The appropriate mode of analysis can vary between courses and topics. In the vast majority of cases economics essays will involve the use of an explicit model or models. Formal models help to provide a clear logical structure, which is a major reason for their use in economics. †¢ When presenting a model, you need to make clear that you understand the model. This involves more than simply copying a set of equations from an article or book. To signal your understanding you might for example: provide an intuitive explanation of the overall model or key steps in solving the model; work out some steps in a model’s solution explicitly, when (as is often the case) this is not done explicitly in the original source; develop and work through a variation of the model not developed explicitly in the reading; compare and contrast the model with other related models; assess the assumptions used and the limitations they pose; apply the model judiciously to a particular situation. Presentation and style: †¢ Grammar and spelling matter. Leave plenty of time for editing the final draft to improve grammar. Use a spellchecker, but remember that spell checkers do not pick up all mistakes. Incorrect spelling of names and jargon can be particularly irritating. †¢ Be precise and concise. Conciseness allows you to include more within the word limit. †¢ Think about how to present data or information effectively. Tables or figures can be useful presentational tools. †¢ References should be presented accurately and consistently. See the lists of preliminary readings for a suggested standard style. Citations and plagiarism: †¢ Quotations should be used judiciously, if at all, to support or illustrate an argument. The source of any quotation should be clearly stated, including the page reference. †¢ Data sources should be clearly cited. †¢ When summarising or describing someone’s work the source or sources should be clearly stated. †¢ The University of Edinburgh’s Undergraduate Assessment Regulations state: â€Å"Plagiarism is the act of copying or including in one’s own work, without adequate acknowledgement, intentionally or unintentionally, the work of another. It is academically fraudulent and an offence against University discipline.† (http://www.docs.sasg.ed.ac.uk/AcademicServices/Regulations/UG_AssessmentRegulations.PDF, para. 14.2) †¢ The University of Edinburgh’s Guidance on the Avoidance of Plagiarism for Undergraduate and Taught Postgraduate Students states: â€Å"Plagiarism is the act of including in one’s own work the work of another person, without adequate acknowledgement of having done so, either deliberately or unintentionally.† (http://www.docs.sasg.ed.ac.uk/AcademicServices/Discipline/StudentGuidanceUGPGT.pdf ) †¢ The Undergraduate Assessment Regulations add â€Å"The innocent misuse or citation of material without formal and proper acknowledgement can constitute plagiarism, even when there is no deliberate intent to cheat. Work may be plagiarised if it consists of close paraphrasing or unacknowledged summary of a source, as well as word-for-word transcription. Any failure adequately to acknowledge or properly reference other sources in submitted work could lead to lower marks and to disciplinary action being taken.† (http://www.docs.sasg.ed.ac.uk/AcademicServices/Regulations/UG_AssessmentRegulations.PDF , para. 14.2) †¢ The three preceding bullet points avoid plagiarism, by properly acknowledging sources (but would not, on their own, constitute a good essay or dissertation). Most study skills books contain further advice on essay writing. The Main Library Reading Room has an extensive collection of study skills books, which contain advice on essay writing. Several books are devoted specifically to writing skills, for example: